Sains Malaysiana 53(10)(2024): 3395-3403

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5310-13

 

Kesan Keadaan Tinggi Karbon Dioksida dan Kandungan Nutrien Media terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Kandungan Nutrien Wolffia arrhiza

(Effect of High Carbon Dioxide and Medium Nutrient Content on the Growth and Nutrient Content of Wolffia arrhiza)

 

FARHANNAH AZHAR¹, BABUL AIRIANAH OTHMAN¹ & MOHAMAD YUSOF MASKAT^1,2,*

 

¹Jabatan Sains Makanan, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

²Pusat Inovasi Teknologi Konfeksi, Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

 

Received: 6 February 2024/Accepted: 30 August  2024

 

Abstrak

Karbon dioksida (CO₂) merupakan antara bahan utama yang diperlukan oleh tumbuhan untuk pertumbuhan. Keadaan tinggi CO₂ serta nutrien penanaman dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan hasil tanaman serta memberi kesan terhadap nutrien tumbuhan. Justeru, kajian ini dijalankan untuk menentukan kesan keadaan tinggi CO₂ dan nutrien media penanaman (kalium nitrat (KNO₃), magnesium sulfat heptahidrat (MgSO₄.7H₂O), kalsium nitrat tetrahidrat (Ca(NO₃)₂.4H₂O) dan  monokalium fosfat (KH₂PO₄)) terhadap pertumbuhan dan kandungan nutrien Wolffia arrhiza. Wolffia arrhiza telah ditanam di dalam tahap CO₂ normal (500 ppm) dan tahap CO₂ tinggi (800 ppm) serta 5 kepekatan nutrien media penanaman yang berbeza iaitu N-media (kawalan), 3 kali kepekatan yang lebih rendah (A), 3 kali kepekatan yang lebih tinggi (B), 5 kali kepekatan yang lebih tinggi (C) dan 7 kali kepekatan yang lebih tinggi (D) berbanding N-media. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan keadaan tinggi CO₂ meningkatkan pertumbuhan Wolffia arrhiza dengan signifikan (p<0.05) dengan peratus pertumbuhan yang lebih tinggi diperoleh berbanding sampel yang tidak ditanam dalam keadaan tinggi CO₂. Perbandingan antara komposisi media yang berbeza menunjukkan tiada perbezaan signifikan bagi kadar pertumbuhan untuk sampel yang ditanam sama ada pada keadaan CO₂ normal atau tinggi CO₂. Terdapat peningkatan kandungan karbohidrat (p<0.05) Wolffia arrhiza dengan peningkatan tahap CO₂ tetapi hanya pada media pertumbuhan dengan kepekatan nutrien yang tinggi (masing-masing 61.4, 64.8 dan 64.3% bagi media  B, C dan D). Tiada kesan signifikan oleh tahap CO₂ dan kandungan nutrien untuk kandungan protein dan nilai DPPH. Walau pun kajian ini menunjukkan terdapat kesan positif oleh tahap CO₂ yang lebih tinggi, lebih banyak kajian perlu dijalankan untuk lebih memahami perubahan yang berlaku secara fisiologi bagi Wolffia arrizha hasil daripada penanaman pada CO₂ yang tinggi supaya dapat meningkatkan hasil.

 

Kata kunci: Karbohidrat; karbon dioksida; nutrien media; pertumbuhan; Wolffia arrhiza

 

Abstract

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is one of the main substances that plants need for growth. Conditions of high concentration of CO₂ and cultivation nutrient can increase crop growth and affect plant nutrients. Thus, this study was carried out to determine the effect of high CO₂ and nutrient concentration (potassium nitrate (KNO₃), magnesium sulphate heptahydrate (MgSO₄.7H₂O), calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO₃)₂.4H₂O) and monopotassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄)) on the growth and nutrient content of Wolffia arrhiza. Wolffia arrhiza was grown in normal CO₂ levels (500 ppm) and high CO₂ levels (800 ppm) with 5 different nutrient concentrations of the cultivation media which were N-media (control), 3 times lower concentration (A), 3 times higher concentration (B), 5 times higher concentration (C) and 7 times higher concentration (D) compared to N-media. Results of the study showed high CO₂ conditions significantly (p<0.05) increased Wolffia arrhiza growth where higher growth percentage was attained compared to samples not grown in high CO₂ conditions. Comparison between different media compositions showed no significant difference in growth rate for samples grown in either normal or high CO₂ conditions. There was an increase in carbohydrate content (p<0.05) of Wolffia arrhiza with the increase of CO₂ but only in growth media with high nutrient content (61.4, 64.8 dan 64.3% for media B, C, and D, respectively). No significant effect of CO₂ level and nutrient content on protein content and DPPH value. Even though this study showed the positive effects of high levels of CO₂, more studies are needed to further understand the physiological changes of Wolffia arrizha as affected by high CO₂ to increase yield.

 

Keywords: Carbohydrate; carbon dioxide; growth; nutrient content; Wolffia arrhiza

 

REFERENCES

AOAC. 2016. Official Methods of Analysis. 20th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) International, USA.

Appenroth, K.J. 2015. Useful Methods 3: Media for in vitro-cultivation of duckweed. Duckweed Forum: Newsletter for the Community of Duckweed Research and Applications, Part 2 3(4): 180-186.

Appenroth, K.J., Sree, K.S., Bog, M., Ecker, J., Seeliger, C., Bohm, V., Lorkowski, S., Sommer, K., Vetter, W., Tolzin-Banach, K., Kirmse, R., Leiterer, M., Dawczynski, C., Liebisch, G. & Jahreis, G. 2018. Nutritional value of the duckweed species of the genus Wolffia (Lemnaceae) as human food. Frontiers in Chemistry 6: 483. doi:10.3389/chem2018.00483

Appenroth, K.J., Sree, K.S., Bohm, V., Hammann, S., Vetter, W., Leiterer, M. & Jahreis, G. 2017. Nutritional value of the duckweed (Lemnaceae) as human food. Food Chemistry 217: 266-273. doi:10.3389/chem2018.00483

Beukelaar, M.F.A., Zeinstra, G.G., Mes, J.J. & Fischer, A.R.H. 2019. Duckweed as human food. The influence of meal context and information on duckweed acceptability of Dutch consumers. Food Quality and Preference 71: 76-86.

Bhatia, A., Mina, U., Kumar, V., Tomer, R., Kumar, A., Chakrabarti, B., Singh, R.N. & Singh, B. 2021. Effect of elevated ozone and carbon dioxide interaction on growth, yield, nutrient content and wilt disease severity in chickpea grown in Northern India. Heliyon 7(1): e06049.

Demmig-Adams, B., Lopez-Pozo, M., Polutchko, S.K., Fourounjian, P., Stewart, J.J., Zenir, M.C., & Adams III, W.W. 2022. Growth and nutritional quality of Lemnaceae viewed comparatively in an ecological and evolutionary context. Plants 11(2): 145. doi.org/10.3390/plants11020145

Devlamnyck, R., Fernandes de Souza, M., Bog, M., Leenknegt, J., Eeckhout, M., & Meers, E. 2020. Effect of the growth medium composition on nitrate accumulation in the novel protein crop Lemna minor. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 206: 111380.

Dong, J.L., Li, X., Gruda, N. & Duan, Z.Q. 2018a. Interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen availability on fruit quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Journal of Integrative Agriculture 17(11): 2438-2446.

Dong, J.L., Gruda, N., Lam, S.K., Li, X. & Duan, Z. 2018b. Effects of elevated CO₂ on nutritional quality of vegetables: A review. Frontiers in Plant Science 9: 924.

Duval, B.D. & Blankinship, J.C. 2012. CO₂ effects on plant nutrient concentration depend on plant functional group and available nitrogen: A meta-analysis. Plant Ecology 213(3): 505-521. doi:10.1007/s11258-011-9998-8

Hu, Z., Fang, Y., Yi, Z., Tian, X., Li, J., Jin, Y., He, K., Liu, P., Du, A., Huang, Y. & Zhao, H. 2022. Determining the nutritional value and antioxidant capacity of duckweed (Wolffia arrhiza) under artificial conditions. LWT – Food Science and Technology 153: 112477.

Kadir, A.A., Abdullah, S.R.S., Othman, B.A., Hassan, H.A., Othman, A.R., Imron, M.F., Ismail, N.I. & Kurniawan, S.B. 2020. Dual function of Lemna minor and Azolla pinnata as phytoremediator for palm oil mill effluent and as feedstock. Chemosphere 259: 127468.

Kant, S., Seneweera, S., Rodin, J., Mateme, M., Burch, D., Rothstein, S.J. & Spangenberg, G. 2012. Improving yield potential in crops under elevated CO₂: Integrating the photosynthetic and nitrogen utilization efficiencies. Frontiers in Plant Science 3: 162.

Khan, K.A., Yan, Z. & He, D. 2018. Impact of light intensity and nitrogen of nutrient solution on nitrate content in three lettuce cultivars prior to harvest. Journal of Agricultural Science 10(6): 99-109.

Krämer, K., Kepp, G., Brock, J., Stutz, S. & Heyer, A.G. 2022. Acclimation to elevated CO₂ affects the C/N balance by reducing de novo N-assimilation. Physiologia Plantarum 174(1): e13615.

Kumar, S., Kumar, S. & Mohapatra, T. 2021. Interaction between macro- and micro-nutrients in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science 12: 665582.

Kotowska, U., Karpinska, J., Kapelewska, J., Kowejsza, E.M., Piotrowska-Niczyporuk, A., Piekutin, J. & Kotowski, A. 2018. Removal of phthalates and other contaminants from municipal wastewater during cultivation of Wolffia arrhiza. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 120: 268-277.

Lam, E. 2015. Duckweed futures: Duckweed's renaissance as a model system for plant biology? Duckweed Forum: Newsletter for the Community of Duckweed Research and Applications Part 2 3(4): 172-177.

Lee, Y.H., Sang, W.G., Baek, J.K., Kim, J.H., Shin, P., Seo, M.C. & Cho, J.I. 2020. The effect of concurrent elevation in CO₂ and temperature on the growth, photosynthesis, and yield of potato crops. PLoS ONE 15(10): e0241081.

Lenghari, S.J., Wahocho, N.A., Laghari, G.M., Laghari, A.H., Bhabhan, G.M., Talpur, K.H., Bhutto, T.A., Wahocho, S.A. & Lashari, A.A. 2016. Role of nitrogen for plant growth and development: A review. Advances in Environmental Biology 10(9): 209-218.

Mohedano, R.A., Costa, R.H.R. & Filho, P.B. 2016. Proper rate of N is essential for improvement of horticultural crops. American Latin Journal of Environmental Biotechnology and Algae 7(1): 30-41.

Pritchard, S.G., Ju, Z., Santen, E.V., Qiu, J., Weaver, D.B., Prior, S.A. & Rogers, H.H. 2000. The influence of elevated CO₂ on the activities of antioxidative enzymes in two soybean genotypes. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 27: 1061-1068.

Romanowska-Duda, Z. & Pszczolkowski, W. 2013. Lemnaceae biomass as an alternative substrate for renewable energy. Acta Innovations 9: 25-31.

Sein, A.M., Sein, M.M. & Aye, M.T. 2020. Effect of Wolffia sp. as supplemental feed on growth performance and body vomposition of Indian Major Carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 416: 012013.

Siripahanakul, T., Thongsila, S., Tanuthong, T. & Chockchaisawasdee, S. 2013. Product development of Wolffia-pork ball. International Food Research Journal 20(1): 213-217.

Sirirustananun, N. & Jongput, B. 2021. Appropriate stocking density for growth of watermeal (Wolffia arrhiza) and its efficiency of total ammonia nitrogen removal. International Journal of Agricultural Technology 17(1): 325-336.

Stitt, M. & Krapp, A. 1999. The interaction between elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen nutrition: The physiological and molecular background. Plant, Cell and Environment 22: 583-621.

Sun, J., Luo, H., Jiang, Y., Wang, L., Xiao, C. & Weng, L. 2022. Influence of nutrient (NPK) factors on growth and pharmacodynamic component biosynthesis of Atractylodes chinensis: An insight on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), and Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (FPPS) signaling responses. Frontiers in Plant Science 13: 799201.

Suppadit, T., Phoochinda, W., Phutthilerphong, S. & Nieobubpa, C. 2008. Treatment of effluent from shrimp farms using watermeal (Wolffia arrhiza). Science Asia 34: 163-168.

Thinh, N.C., Shimono, H., Kumagai, E. & Kawasaki, M. 2017. Effects of elevated CO₂ concentration on growth and photosynthesis of Chinese yam under different temperature regimes. Plant Production Science 20(2): 227-236.

Thompson, M., Gamage, D., Hirotsu, N., Martin, A. & Seneweera, S. 2017. Effects of elevated carbon dioxide on photosynthesis and carbon partitioning: A perspective on root sugar sensing and hormonal crosstalk. Frontiers in Physiology 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00578

Tipnee, S., Jutiviboonsuk, A. & Wongtrakul, P. 2017. The bioactivity study of active compounds in Wolffia globosa extract for an alternative source of bioactive substances. Cosmetics 4(4): 53. doi:10.3390/cosmetics4040053

Velden, D.V.D. 2014. The influence of soil moisture on stomatal conductance responsiveness to CO₂. Thesis. Palaeoecology, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University (Unpublished).

Wang, L., Yang, L., Xiong, F., Nie, X., Li, C., Xiao, Y. & Zhou, G. 2020. Nitrogen fertilizer levels affect the growth and quality parameters of Astragalus mongolica. Molecules 25(2): 381. doi:10.3390/molecules25020381

Yoneyama, T. & Suzuku, A. 2020. Light-independent nitrogen assimilation in plant leaves: Nitrate incorporation into glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, and asparagine traced by ¹⁵N. Plants 9(10): 1303.

Zenir, M.C., Lopez-Pozo, M., Polutchko, S.K., Stewart, J.J., Adams, W.W., Escobar, A. &amp; Demmig-Adams, B. 2023. Productivity and nutrient quality of Lemna minor as affected by microbiome, CO 2 level, and nutrient supply. Stresses 3:69-85.

Zhang, Y.M., Xue, J., Zhang, G.Q., Zhang, W.X., Wang, K.R., Ming, B., Hou, P., Xie, R.Z., Liu, C.W. & Li, S.K. 2021. Does nitrogen application rate affect the moisture content of corn grains? Journal of Integrative Agriculture 20(10): 2627-2638.

 

*Corresponding author; email: yusofm@ukm.edu.my